Let's examine these steps in turn.

1. Spell
   The spelling rules for the specifically GR basic forms have already been covered: in other cases the PY spelling will usually be correct.

2. Modify
   For a given tone, work through the following table until you find the correct category for the syllable you want to write. (You may not need to modify it at all, especially if it is in Tone 1.) The stressed vowel in a syllable is easy to recognize: it is the one that bears the tonal accent mark in PY: eg the as in Biàn, Gāi and Dà.

   Forms in italics are intermediate results requiring a final polish.

   Tone number	If	Is	Then	Examples [PY]
   1	First letter	L,M,N,R	Insert -h- as second letter	Lhiou[liu], mha.mha[mama]
   		Any other	No modification	Ta, chian [qian], bing
   2	First letter	L,M,N,R	No modification	Lian, mei
   	First/only vowel	A,E,O,Y	Insert -r after vowel(s)	charng, char, erl[er], shyr[shi], tour, peir
   		I	change to Y	yng[ying], chyan[qian], pyng, chyuan[quan],yang, ty[ti]
   		U	change to W	chwan, wen, dw[du], w[wu]
   3	First (or only) unstressed vowel	I (unless next to E)	Change to E	gae, lean[lian], eou[you], beau[biao], euan[yuan]
   		U (unless next to O)	Change to O	goei[gui], doan[duan], gao, oan[wan]
   	Otherwise		Double the stressed vowel	bii, geei, chiee[qie], suoo, chaang, eel[er], uoo[wo]
   4	Final letter	Unstressed I	Change to Y	day, pey
   		Unstressed U	Change to W	daw, row
   		G	Change to Q	ranq, uanq[wang]
   		N or L	Double	bann, ell[er]
   		Any other	Add -h	dah, buh, lih, shieh[xie], uh[wu], iueh[yue]

   
   

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